Higher Education System - Higher Education Systems Section 2
12. The most accurate statement about teaching machines is that:
- Option : A
- Explanation :
B.F. Skinner, a behavioral psychologist, pioneered the use of teaching machines in the 1950s. His idea was to apply operant conditioning principles to education, allowing learners to receive immediate reinforcement.
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Option A: B. F. Skinner began the movement for their use – Correct; he introduced the idea and created early prototypes.
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Option B: Designed to replace teachers – Incorrect; they were meant to support, not replace, teachers.
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Option C: Not as efficient in reinforcing responses – Incorrect; they were precisely designed to efficiently reinforce learning.
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Option D: Can be used for all programs – Overgeneralization; not all subjects are suited to this format.
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13. A culturally disadvantaged child is best served by the school system that:
- Option : D
- Explanation :
An individualized learning plan caters to the child’s unique background, strengths, and challenges. It helps integrate the student into the learning process effectively and sensitively, respecting cultural differences.
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Option A: Places in similar group – May isolate or stereotype; not ideal.
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Option B: Annual IQ test – Doesn’t address learning or socio-emotional support.
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Option C: Teacher training only – Helpful but not sufficient alone.
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Option D: Individualized plan – Correct; provides tailored support addressing both academic and cultural factors.
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- Option : B
- Explanation :
The College Entrance Examination Board is a non-governmental, non-profit organization that administers standardized tests like the SAT. It doesn't impose national control in a policy sense, unlike federal initiatives.
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Option A: National Science Foundation – Federal body influencing curricula and research priorities.
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Option B: National Institute of Mental Health – Involves federal research and psychological standards.
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Option C: College Board – Correct; it’s a private entity, not a national policymaker.
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Option D: National Defence Education Act – Enacted federal control and funding post-Sputnik.
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- Option : C
- Explanation :
Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person justifies a failure with a seemingly logical reason instead of accepting the real cause—in this case, not studying. It's a way to protect self-esteem.
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Option A: Conversion – Psychological condition involving repressed conflict turning into symptoms.
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Option B: Sympathism – Not a recognized psychological term.
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Option C: Rationalization – Correct; making excuses to justify failure.
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Option D: Compensation – Involves making up for a weakness by excelling elsewhere.
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