Higher Education System - Higher Education Systems Section 1

Fundamental Rights are considered justiciable, meaning they are enforceable by courts. If any of these rights are violated, citizens can approach the High Courts or the Supreme Court under Articles 32 and 226. This ensures that individuals can seek legal remedy when their rights are denied.

• Option A: non-justiciable Incorrect. Non-justiciable rights refer to Directive Principles which are not enforceable by the courts.
• Option B: justiciable Correct. Citizens can approach the courts if their Fundamental Rights are violated.
• Option C: justiciable if the highest court feels it should be Incorrect. It is not discretionary; citizens have a guaranteed right to approach any court.
• Option D: Some rights are justiciable Incorrect. All Fundamental Rights listed in Part III are justiciable.

Part III of the Indian Constitution deals specifically with Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 to 35). These rights safeguard the civil liberties of citizens and ensure equality and freedom within the democratic framework. It forms the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution.

• Option A: Part I Incorrect. Part I deals with the Union and its territory.
• Option B: Part II Incorrect. This part deals with citizenship.
• Option C: Part III Correct. It guarantees six Fundamental Rights to Indian citizens.
• Option D: Part IV Incorrect. Part IV deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.

Administrative law refers to the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government. It includes rules, regulations, and procedures created by the executive branch to carry out legislative acts.

• Option A: law passed by the Union Incorrect. These are legislative laws, not administrative.
• Option B: law or rules made by the executive Correct. It involves rules formed by administrative authorities.
• Option C: laws relating to administration of non-Governmental institutions Incorrect. It focuses on government actions.
• Option D: all the above Incorrect. Only option B is correct.

A joint sitting of both Houses is held to resolve a deadlock on a bill under Article 108 of the Constitution. It happens when there is disagreement between the two Houses regarding a bill (not for constitutional amendments).

• Option A: they like Incorrect. A joint sitting is not held arbitrarily.
• Option B: there is a disagreement between the two (Houses) Correct. It is convened to resolve legislative deadlocks.
• Option C: the President summons both the Houses Incorrect. The President can summon, but only in the context of legislative deadlocks.
• Option D: they must meet when two years have lapsed after the last meeting Incorrect. There is no such constitutional provision.