Higher Education System - Higher Education Systems Section 1

The Legislative Council of a State is considered a permanent body, much like the Rajya Sabha at the central level. It cannot be dissolved, though one-third of its members retire every two years.

Option A: temporary body
Incorrect. A temporary body is one that is constituted for a specific period and then dissolved, which does not apply here.

Option B: permanent body
Correct. The Legislative Council is a continuing body and not subject to dissolution, although members serve staggered terms.

Option C: semi-permanent body
Incorrect. This is not a constitutional or legal term used for Legislative Councils in India.

Option D: chamber of the nominated members
Incorrect. Though some members are nominated, the council also includes elected representatives.

Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every two years.

• Option A: Dissolved once in two years
  Incorrect. It is not dissolved; it is a continuing chamber.

• Option B: Dissolved after every five years
  Incorrect. This is true for the Lok Sabha, not Rajya Sabha.

• Option C: Adjourned every six months
  Incorrect. Sessions may occur every six months, but this doesn’t define its structure.

• Option D: Not subject to dissolution
  Correct. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body with staggered retirement of members.

The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Parliament, particularly the Lok Sabha, as per Article 75(3) of the Constitution.

• Option A: Prime Minister
  Incorrect. He is the leader, but not the authority to whom the Council is responsible.

• Option B: President
  Incorrect. The President appoints them but they are not accountable to him.

• Option C: Parliament
  Correct. Specifically, they are responsible to the Lok Sabha.

• Option D: Speaker of Lok Sabha
  Incorrect. The Speaker is a presiding officer, not a body of accountability.

Secularism means the separation of religion from the state. It ensures that the state does not favor or discriminate against any religion.

• Option A: Freedom to worship any God
  Incorrect. This is a result of secularism but not its literal meaning.

• Option B: Death of religion
  Incorrect. Secularism doesn’t eliminate religion; it separates it from governance.

• Option C: Separation of religion from the state
  Correct. That is the core idea of secularism.

• Option D: All of these
  Incorrect. Only option C reflects the literal meaning accurately.