Higher Education System - Higher Education Systems Section 1

The Legislative Council of a State is considered a permanent body, much like the Rajya Sabha at the central level. It cannot be dissolved, though one-third of its members retire every two years.

Option A: temporary body
Incorrect. A temporary body is one that is constituted for a specific period and then dissolved, which does not apply here.

Option B: permanent body
Correct. The Legislative Council is a continuing body and not subject to dissolution, although members serve staggered terms.

Option C: semi-permanent body
Incorrect. This is not a constitutional or legal term used for Legislative Councils in India.

Option D: chamber of the nominated members
Incorrect. Though some members are nominated, the council also includes elected representatives.

Federal features in the Indian Constitution include a distribution of powers (Union, State, and Concurrent lists), an independent judiciary, and a written constitution that outlines the structure clearly. Despite India's unitary tendencies, these features affirm its quasi-federal nature.

Option A: There is distribution of Powers in accordance with 2 lists
Incorrect. India follows a three-list system: Union, State, and Concurrent.

Option B: Written and rigid constitution
Incorrect. While the constitution is written, it's not considered rigid in the federal sense due to the ease of certain amendments.

Option C: Independent Judiciary
Incorrect. This is a federal feature, but the question asks for all federal features.

Option D: All of these
Correct. All listed features are essential aspects of federalism in the Indian context.

The quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.

Option A: one-tenth of the membership of the House
Correct. As per Article 100(3), this is the minimum number required to conduct business.

Option B: one-third of the membership of the House
Incorrect. No such provision exists in the Indian Constitution.

Option C: one-half of the membership of the House
Incorrect. This is a misconception; not required for daily proceedings.

Option D: four-fifths of the membership of the House
Incorrect. That would be too high and is not mandated.

The Directive Principles of State Policy aim to establish a welfare state and guide the government in law-making. They are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance.

Option A: aim at establishing welfare state of Gandhian conception
Partially correct. Some DPSPs are Gandhian in nature.

Option B: aim at giving ideals to be incorporated at a later stage
Partially correct. They set aspirational goals for the state.

Option C: aim at giving support to the Fundamental Rights
Incorrect. They complement but do not directly support or override Fundamental Rights.

Option D: A and B only
Correct. These reflect the core aims and ideology behind DPSPs.