Higher Education System - Higher Education Systems Section 1

India is a secular state because it does not have an official state religion and grants all its citizens the freedom to practice, profess, and propagate any religion. The Indian Constitution ensures the separation of religion from government functions and promotes religious tolerance and equality.

Option A: Secular State
Correct. India guarantees religious freedom and treats all religions equally under the law.

Option B: Bilingual State
Incorrect. India is multilingual, not just bilingual, with 22 scheduled languages and hundreds of regional languages spoken.

Option C: Communist State
Incorrect. India is a democratic republic with a mixed economy, not governed by communist ideology.

Option D: Capitalist State
Incorrect. While India has capitalist features, it follows a mixed economy model combining both private and public sectors.

The Council of Ministers in India is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This principle of collective responsibility ensures that the government must maintain the confidence of the elected house to stay in power.

Option A: President
Incorrect. The President appoints the ministers but does not hold them accountable.

Option B: Lok Sabha
Correct. The Council must maintain the confidence of the Lok Sabha or resign.

Option C: Vice-President
Incorrect. The Vice-President is the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha but does not oversee the Council of Ministers.

Option D: Rajya Sabha
Incorrect. While ministers may belong to the Rajya Sabha, they are not responsible to it.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution outlines justice (social, economic, political), liberty (of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship), and equality. All the given ideals are included, making option D the most complete.

Option A: Social, economic and political Justice
Incorrect. Only part of the Preamble’s ideals.

Option B: Equality of status and of opportunity
Incorrect. This is one part but not complete.

Option C: Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship
Incorrect. This is another part but doesn’t include all ideals.

Option D: All of these
Correct. The Preamble includes all the ideals mentioned.

Foreigners in India are not allowed to vote in Parliamentary elections. The right to vote is exclusively reserved for Indian citizens and is not extended to foreign nationals.

Option A: To seek justice in court
Incorrect. Foreigners can approach Indian courts.

Option B: To seek financial security of life
Incorrect. This is not a specific fundamental right.

Option C: To criticise policies of government
Incorrect. Freedom of expression is available to foreigners as well.

Option D: To vote at the time of 'Parliamentary election
Correct. Only Indian citizens have voting rights in elections.