Logical Reasoning - Logical Thinking

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71. People have been seeing ghosts for hundreds of years. No one has been able to prove definitively that ghosts don’t exist. Therefore, ghosts are real.
These statements indicate the following fallacy.

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72. Murder is morally wrong. Abortion is murder. Therefore, abortion is morally wrong.
These statements indicate the following fallacy

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73. Naiyayaikas have explained five members of syllogism. If we take the example that the hill is fiery because it has smoke, their constituents could be illustrated in the following way:
(1) Pratijna: The hill is fiery. (S is P)
(2) Hetu: Because it smokes. (S is M)
(3) Udaharana: Whatever smokes is fiery e.g. as is the hearth. (M is P)
(4) Upanaya: So like the hearth kitchen, the hill is smoky. (S is M)
(5) Nigamana: Therefore, the hill is fiery. (S is P)
Which of the above is incorrect?

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