The term feminism is attributed to political
and sociological theories on issues of gender
difference, as well as a movement for gender
equality and protection of women's rights
and interests. Feminist research, as opposed
to traditional research, works for the dual
objectives of construction of new knowledge
and the creation of social equality.
UGC NET Paper1 Previous Year Solved Papers MCQ - 25th June 2019 Morning Shift
Likert scale: Respondents indicate the extent of
their agreement with each item on a scale (e.g.,
a five- or-seven point scale). Their score is the
sum of the scores for each item on the scale.
Guttman scale: The researcher prepares a set of statements reflecting an increasing intensity of attitude relating to the concept under study. Starting at the base, the statement with which the respondent disagrees reflects his/her scale position.
A Thurstone scale: It consists of statements (with a certain ascribed value each) with which the respondent has to agree or disagree; and only those with which they agree are scored. The respondent's score on the scale corresponds to the median score of the items with which he/she agrees.
MLA is not a scale but a format of writing research paper/thesis.
Guttman scale: The researcher prepares a set of statements reflecting an increasing intensity of attitude relating to the concept under study. Starting at the base, the statement with which the respondent disagrees reflects his/her scale position.
A Thurstone scale: It consists of statements (with a certain ascribed value each) with which the respondent has to agree or disagree; and only those with which they agree are scored. The respondent's score on the scale corresponds to the median score of the items with which he/she agrees.
MLA is not a scale but a format of writing research paper/thesis.
Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive
development:
I. Sensorimotor stage--birth to age 2
2. Preoperational stage - age 2 to 7
3. Concrete operational stage----age 7 to II
4. Formal operational stage -age II
(including adolescence) to adulthood
development:
I. Sensorimotor stage--birth to age 2
2. Preoperational stage - age 2 to 7
3. Concrete operational stage----age 7 to II
4. Formal operational stage -age II
(including adolescence) to adulthood
A case study is an intensive research into a
unit/entity, which is aimed to generalize over
several other.
A cohort study samples a cohort or a group of people who share a defining characteristic or a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation) performing a cross- section at time intervals.
A panel study collects repeated measures of the same unit of analysis at specified intervals over a long period, often many years.
A blind study is done without the awareness of the subjects to the treatment they are receiving in order that the results are not affected by a placebo effect (the power of suggestion).
A cohort study samples a cohort or a group of people who share a defining characteristic or a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation) performing a cross- section at time intervals.
A panel study collects repeated measures of the same unit of analysis at specified intervals over a long period, often many years.
A blind study is done without the awareness of the subjects to the treatment they are receiving in order that the results are not affected by a placebo effect (the power of suggestion).
There are four main characteristics of a good
test:
1. Validity
2. Reliability
3. Objectivity
4. Usability
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure over time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across different researchers (inter-rater reliability).
Validity is the extent to which the test fulfills its purpose, or the scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to represent.
A test can be reliable without being valid; e.g., a weighing scale will give consistent scores, other conditions being same. However, in case the instrument is malfunctioning, the test will still be reliable if consistent scores are obtained but will not be valid as it may show incorrect weight.
However, if a test is valid, it is definitely reliable; e.g., a class test that is valid or measures what it is intended to measure, will also be reliable as it will give consistent scores, provided other conditions remain unaltered.
By objectivity is meant the degree to which equally competent evaluators obtain the same results. A test is objective when it eliminates the evaluator's bias or prejudice.
By usability is meant the practical value of test with respect to time, cost-effectiveness and administration.
1. Validity
2. Reliability
3. Objectivity
4. Usability
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure over time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across different researchers (inter-rater reliability).
Validity is the extent to which the test fulfills its purpose, or the scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to represent.
A test can be reliable without being valid; e.g., a weighing scale will give consistent scores, other conditions being same. However, in case the instrument is malfunctioning, the test will still be reliable if consistent scores are obtained but will not be valid as it may show incorrect weight.
However, if a test is valid, it is definitely reliable; e.g., a class test that is valid or measures what it is intended to measure, will also be reliable as it will give consistent scores, provided other conditions remain unaltered.
By objectivity is meant the degree to which equally competent evaluators obtain the same results. A test is objective when it eliminates the evaluator's bias or prejudice.
By usability is meant the practical value of test with respect to time, cost-effectiveness and administration.
