Explanation : The proposition 'No historian are non-
mathematician' is equivalent to 'All
historian are mathematicians'. And its
negative proposition is 'No historians are
mathematicians'
Explanation : Analogical reasoning relies upon an analogy,
citing accepted similarities between two
systems to support the conclusion that some
further similarity exists.
Deductive reasoning starts with a general
statement, premise or hypothesis, and
examines the possibilities to reach a specific,
logical conclusion.
Inductive inference goes from the specific
to the general. We make many specific
observations, discern a pattern from
them, make a generalization, and infer an
explanation or a theory.
Hypothetical reasoning explores several
different alternative solutions in parallel to
determine which approach or series of steps
best solves a particular problem.
Explanation : The transaction model of communication
describes communication as a process in
which communicators consiously generate
social realities within social, relational,
and cultural contexts. They don't just
communicate to exchange messages; but
to create relationships, form intercultural
alliances, shape their self-concepts, and
solve problems.
The interactive model is less message-
focused and more interaction-focused.
Each participant alterates rates as sender
and receiver very quickly and often
without conscious thought in order to keep
communication going.
Explanation : The role of media is to reach new information
from the source to the target audience in a
one way communication. In the process, it
spreads thought and philosophy; informs on
union and division of peoples and boundaries;
popularises or demonises individuals; builds
prejudices; and markets products. Though
traditionally, the media prided itself on
morality and equality, which lent a mystical
character to it; with the rise of a global
commercial world; it has steadily moulded
a consumerist society. Trade and commerce
govern individual as well as national
interests. So, the media-society equation
today is largely consumer-conscious.