Higher Education System - Higher Education Systems Section 1

NASA stands for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It is the space agency of the United States, responsible for civilian space programs and aeronautics research.

Option A: Netherlands
Incorrect; the Netherlands does not have a space agency named NASA.

Option B: Britain
Incorrect; Britain's agency is the UK Space Agency, not NASA.

Option C: America
Correct; NASA is the United States' official space research and exploration body.

Option D: India
Incorrect; India’s space agency is ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation).

A deductive lesson starts by stating a general principle or rule and then applies it to specific cases, leading learners to understand through examples.

Option A: Deductive lesson
Correct; begins with general rule and moves to specific applications.

Option B: Inductive lesson
Incorrect; it derives general rules from specific observations.

Option C: Developing lesson
Incorrect; generally focuses on gradual construction of knowledge, but not necessarily rule-first.

Option D: Knowledge lesson
Incorrect; it emphasizes imparting factual information, not rule-first learning.

Herbart's method is criticized because it lacks flexibility. It doesn't accommodate individual learning differences, coordination between subjects, or adaptability for content like language or history.

Option A: In this, there is no scope for the individual diversity of students
Correct; the rigid structure limits personalized learning.

Option B: Under this, it is difficult to make coordination between various subjects
Correct; the method is subject-focused, not interdisciplinary.

Option C: Under this, generalisation is not required to be done while teaching subjects like language, history, geography etc.
Correct; such subjects need contextual understanding, not strict generalization.

Option D: all of these
Correct; it combines all the valid criticisms of the Herbartian method.

Johann Friedrich Herbart is considered the father of educational psychology for applying psychology principles to teaching and developing structured instructional methods.

Option A: Pestology
Incorrect; Pestalozzi contributed to education but is not linked with educational psychology.

Option B: Devy
Incorrect; possibly a misspelling. John Dewey was a major educational reformer but not the "father" of educational psychology.

Option C: Herbart
Correct; he applied psychological insights to educational practice systematically.

Option D: Spencer
Incorrect; Herbert Spencer was a philosopher, not a foundational figure in educational psychology.