Competency-based learning focuses on what a learner can understand and do with knowledge.
Why B fits: Demonstrating a skill or applying a concept provides stronger evidence of competence than recalling a definition alone.
In teaching: The teacher sets clear outcomes and uses suitable tasks, projects, or problems to observe progress.
In assessment: Feedback identifies what the learner can already perform and what needs further practice. NEP 2020 supports moving assessment toward understanding and application.