Explanation : Speedup = Execution Time Old/Execution Time New Execution Time Old = CPI Old * Cycle TimeOld [Here CPI is Cycles Per Instruction] = CPIOld * Cycle Time Old = 4 * 1/2.5 Nanoseconds = 1.6 ns Since there are no stalls, CPUnew can be assumed 1 on average. Execution Time New = CPInew * Cycle Timenew = 1 * 1/2 = 0.5 Speedup = 1.6/0.5 = 3.2