System calls are usually invoked by using a software interrupt.
Polling is the process where the computer or controlling device waits for an external device to check for its readiness or state, often with low-level hardware.
Privileged instruction is an instruction (usually in machine code) that can be executed only by the operating system in a specific mode.
In direct jump, the target address (i.e. its relative offset value) is encoded into the jump instruction itself.
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