Explanation : The war for talent was first expressed by Steven Hankin of McKinsey and Company in 1997, and further developed in a series of McKinsey articles by Elaine Chambers and colleagues, Berh Axelrod, Helen Handfield-Jones, and Ed Michaels (Axelrod, Handfield- Jones, and Michaels, 2002), and then Matthew Guthridge and colleagues. In his book Successful Talent Strategies, Sears (2003) argued the McKinsey book on The War for Talent was describing a situation in which organizations were designing competitive HR strategies in the struggle of employers to land and “upskill” employees in a cut-throat free-agent employment market. Under this philosophy, rather than just being a desirable HR program, talent management is a leadership imperative—a cultural mindset.